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Knee arthroscopy is a procedure of diagnosing several knee problems such as torn meniscus, a misaligned patella, or even repair ligaments of the joint. It allows surgeons to observe the knee joint without any large incision. 
A small cut is made from where a tiny camera (known as Arthroscope) is inserted into the knee joint which shows the pictures on a monitor and helps the surgeon to perform miniature surgeries.

The pain, joint stiffness and recovery time are relatively less in this procedure.

When do you require Knee Arthroscopy?

Knee arthroscopy needs to be done if you have a painful knee condition, which does not respond to non-surgical treatments. It helps soothe painful symptoms that might affect the cartilage surfaces and soft tissues surrounding the knee joints.

Arthroscopic surgeries can diagnose and treat knee conditions such as:

  • Torn anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments
  • Damaged articular cartilage or meniscus
  • Inflamed synovium
  • Knee cap problem
  • Knee sepsis (infection)
  • Loose fragments or cartilage or bone
  • Fractures

A meniscal tear is one of the most frequently occurring cartilage injuries of the knee.
Meniscus tears are common in contact sports like football as well as non-contact sports requiring jumping and cutting such as volleyball and soccer.

What Does a Meniscus Tear Feel Like?

Symptoms of a meniscus tear include:

  • Pain in the knee
  • Swelling
  • A popping sensation during the injury
  • Difficulty bending and straightening the leg
  • A tendency for your knee to get “stuck” or lock up

Treatment

It depends on the severity of the injury, and you may require one to two treatment approaches.

For minor tears, rest is all you need. You may have:

  • Rest from physical activities that strain the knee
  • Ice Compression of the injured area to treat swelling

For severe tears, the surgical intervention includes Arthroscopy that either stitches the torn meniscus together (full meniscus repair) or trims away the injured tissue (partial meniscectomy).

Multiple ligament injuries (MLIs) are rare but potentially disabling traumatic events that involve at least two of the 4 major ligaments of the knee (anterior cruciate ligament [ACL], posterior cruciate ligament [PCL], posteromedial corner [PMC] including the medial collateral ligament [MCL], and posterolateral corner [PLC] including the lateral collateral ligament [LCL]).

Stiff knee is the strain in moving the knee joint or loss of motion in the knee. It is the trouble to straighten or bend the knee, and has a negative effect on everyday living. It is a common condition that may occur as a result of arthritis, injury or infection to the knee.

Knee stiffness also occurs due to the trauma in the knee joint, knee tendinitis, knee bursitis, gout, formation of excessive scar tissue or thickening of the knee capsule. It may also develop due to the mechanical block in the displaced bone.

Symptoms of Knee Stiffness

If you are suffering from knee stiffness you will experience:

  • Knee pain while bending
  • Redness and swelling in the knee
  • Stiffness in the morning
  • Fever
  • Muscle weakness
  • Loss of sensation in the lower leg
  • Burning sensation in the joints
  • Serious symptoms could be severe bleeding, uncontrollable stabbing pain, inability to move and deformity in the knee bones.

Treatment

Some common ways of treatment include:

  • Cold therapy or cryotherapy, in which extreme cold activates the immune, endocrine and nervous system to reduce the pain and inflammation.
  • RICE therapy. Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation can help reduce swelling and pain.
  • Aspiration, that uses a needle to remove excess blood and fluid from the area by giving a local anaesthetic. It relieves the area from the pressure of pain.
  • Physiotherapy, the common method to strengthen the muscles of the knee. The physician recommends exercises to help increase the range of knee movement.
  • Dietary changes to facilitate weight loss and lower the amount of uric acid in the body helps. 
  • Anti-inflammatory medications alleviate pain in sore knees and soothe the discomfort. The most prescribed medications are aceclofenac and acetaminophen.
  • The knee support will help prevent further damage and speed the recovery process. A variety of knee support options are available.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) is one of the ligaments that joins the thigh bone to the shinbone. It is located at the back of the knee.

Along with other ligaments of the knee, it maintains stability and prevents the thigh and shin bones from moving out of the place.

It takes a powerful force to injure your PCL, and they are caused by a blow to your knee front when bent.

It could happen by extending the knee beyond its normal range of movement, direct contact with the opponent while playing sports and falling forward with the knee bent.

Causes

You may experience:

  • Pain
  • Instability in the knee
  • Swelling and soreness
  • Walking in difficulty

Treatment

  • Non-surgical treatments include immobilisation, and physiotherapy to strengthen the leg muscles and restore knee function.
  • Surgical treatment is usually advisable when the knee is unstable. Surgery is Arthroscopic PCL reconstruction with Hamstring Graft.

Collateral ligaments are located on either side of the knee and joined to the thigh and the leg.

There are two strong collateral ligaments – Medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). They help prevent excessive movement of the knee.

Injuries to MCL are more common and likely to occur by any of the following ways:

  • Falling off with a bent knee in a knock-kneed position so that the knee is pushed inwardly and lower leg outwardly.
  • Being stuck on the outside of the knee as in tackle Injuries to LCL are less common and more complicated.

They are a result of direct trauma that can cause damage to a number of other tendons and ligaments.

LCL injuries may occur when:

  • Inside of the knee is hurt forcing it to move outwards in a bow-legged position.
  • A direct blow to the front of the knee.

Causes

You may experience:

  • Pain in the inside or the outside of the knee
  • Localised swelling around the ligament
  • Painful while bending the knee
  • Instability in the knee during movement

Treatment

  • Treatment for minor injuries may include ice compression splinting, pain medication, limiting physical activity, using knee immobiliser (or brace), physiotherapy or rehabilitation
  • For severe injuries, you may need physiotherapy, rehabilitation or surgery. Surgery includes ligament reconstruction or repair.

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